Asperger's syndrome (AS) or Asperger's disorder (AD) is a pervasive developmental disorder characterized by a conjuncture of symptoms such as: qualitative impairment of social interaction, repetitive or stereotypical behaviour, activities and interests, physical clumsiness. To be noted that unlike autism, Asperger's does not affect the normal cognitive and language development of the patient.
Currently, there are several screening instruments used by pediatricians or general practitioners to diagnose a child suffering from Asperger's as soon as he/she is 30 months old. Some of these screening instruments are: Asperger Syndrome Diagnostic Scale, Childhood Asperger Syndrome Test, Gilliam Asperger's Disorder Scale, Autism Spectrum Quotient, Krug Asperger's Disorder Index, and Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire.
The exact causes of Asperger's syndrome are not known, however, there is enough evidence to suggest a genetic contribution. It seems that AS runs in the family, although no specific gene has been linked to the disorder. Apparently, the likelihood for a child to be born with AS increases with every family member who manifests behavioral symptoms such as: difficulties with exposure and management of social interactions and/or problems with reading or language. Other theories suggest that AS can result from prenatal exposure to agents that cause birth defects.
The first symptom of children suffering from AS is impaired social interaction. Specifically, their social behavior has been characterized as "active but odd". While people with AS may cognitively understand the concept of emotion or empathy, being able to theorize and accept them as facts, they will still not be able to show them in a social context. As a result they might come off as rude, insensitive, indifferent or annoying, although willing to engage and talk. Some children manifest what is known as "selective mutism" when they will speak only to the individuals they like or want to, while remaining perfectly silent in the presence of others.
By the age of 5 or 6, a child suffering from AS will start displaying an unusually focused interest in some activity or field of knowledge, easily memorizing detailed information or data about a narrow subject. This amazing display of memory capacity is counteracted by the fact that he/she is not able to see the bigger picture or the context of the information held. Although an AS child's interests can vary with time, he/she will still be immersed into pursuing one specific and narrow part of a subject. Also, other more or less complex body movements become highly stereotyped (flapping, clapping, head turning, pirouette etc.).
With regard to language and speech development, although no clinical delays have been reported, the acquisition and use of language is rather atypical. For example, a child with AS cannot understand a joke, a fantasy story, metaphors or figurative language in general because he/she interprets them literally.
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